DMA stands for Daily Moving Average. The 100 DMA is the average closing price of a stock over its last 100 trading sessions, and the 200 DMA covers the last 200 sessions. These lines smooth out daily price noise so a longer trend becomes visible. A price trading above its 200 DMA is generally described as being in a long-term uptrend, and below it as a downtrend. This is a descriptive observation, not a signal to buy or sell.

A golden cross occurs when a shorter moving average, typically the 50 DMA, rises above a longer one such as the 200 DMA. A death cross is the opposite, when the 50 DMA falls below the 200 DMA. Both are lagging observations, meaning they confirm a move that has already happened rather than predicting one. They are widely watched but frequently produce false readings in sideways markets.

A Simple Moving Average gives equal weight to every closing price in the period. An Exponential Moving Average gives more weight to recent prices, so it reacts faster to a change in direction. Traders watching short-term moves tend to prefer EMA, while those looking at longer structural trends often use SMA. Neither is inherently more accurate than the other.

RSI, or Relative Strength Index, is a momentum reading between 0 and 100 that compares the size of recent gains to recent losses, usually over 14 sessions. A reading below 30 is conventionally called oversold and above 70 overbought. An important caveat is that a strongly trending stock can remain above 70 or below 30 for weeks, so RSI alone does not indicate that a reversal is due.

MACD, short for Moving Average Convergence Divergence, is the difference between a 12-period and a 26-period exponential moving average, plotted alongside a 9-period signal line. When the MACD line moves above the signal line the shorter-term average is rising faster than the longer one, and the reverse when it moves below. Like all moving-average measures it lags price rather than leading it.

Bollinger Bands consist of a middle moving average, usually the 20-day SMA, with an upper and lower band placed two standard deviations away. The bands widen when volatility rises and narrow when it falls. A sustained narrowing is often called a squeeze and indicates a period of low volatility. Price touching a band describes where price sits relative to recent volatility, nothing more.

Delivery percentage is the share of a day's traded quantity that was actually settled into demat accounts rather than squared off intraday. A high delivery percentage means a larger portion of buyers took ownership of the shares instead of trading them within the session. NSE and BSE publish this figure daily, and it is commonly reviewed alongside volume to understand the character of a day's activity.

Volume is the number of shares traded in a given period. A price move accompanied by unusually high volume reflects participation from a larger number of market participants, whereas a move on thin volume reflects fewer. Volume is descriptive context for a price move, and is commonly reviewed together with delivery data to distinguish intraday churn from settled buying and selling.

The 52-week high is the highest price a stock traded at during the past year, and the 52-week low is the lowest. Together they define the range price has moved within over that period. Where the current price sits inside that range is often used as a quick reference for how far a stock has moved from its recent extremes.

The gap between the current price and the highest price ever recorded is commonly called the drawdown from peak. A stock trading 40 percent below its all-time high has fallen that much from its highest point. This is a historical measurement of past price movement and carries no implication about future direction.

A candlestick represents the open, high, low and close for a single period. Recognised shapes and combinations, such as doji, hammer, engulfing and morning star, are given names and described as bullish or bearish by convention. These are descriptive labels for price shapes that have already formed, and their reliability varies considerably with market context.

A breakout describes price moving beyond a level it had repeatedly failed to cross, such as a recent high or the top of a consolidation range. Traders often look for higher-than-usual volume alongside the move. Breakouts frequently fail and price returns into the prior range, which is why they are treated as observations rather than as certainties.

The National Stock Exchange and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two main stock exchanges in India. BSE is the older of the two and lists a larger number of companies, while NSE handles higher trading volumes and is the primary venue for derivatives. Many companies are listed on both, and prices on the two exchanges track each other closely.

F&O stands for Futures and Options. An F&O stock is one on which exchange-traded derivative contracts are available. NSE maintains this list and revises it periodically based on criteria including turnover and market capitalisation. Derivatives carry leverage and risks that differ substantially from buying shares outright.

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